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“The Temptation of Christ”
by Juan De Flandes, 1500 |
Readings for the First Sunday of Lent [2]
Readings from the Jerusalem Bible [3]
Readings and Commentary: [4]
Reading 1: Genesis 2:7-9; 3:1-7
The Lord God formed man out of the clay of the ground
and blew into his nostrils the breath of life,
and so man became a living being.
Then the Lord God planted a garden in Eden, in the east,
and placed there the man whom he had formed.
Out of the ground the Lord God made various trees grow
that were delightful to look at and good for food,
with the tree of life in the middle of the garden
and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
Now the serpent was the most cunning of all the animals
that the Lord God had made.
The serpent asked the woman,
“Did God really tell you not to eat
from any of the trees in the garden?”
The woman answered the serpent:
“We may eat of the fruit of the trees in the garden;
it is only about the fruit of the tree
in the middle of the garden that God said,
‘You shall not eat it or even touch it, lest you die.’”
But the serpent said to the woman:
“You certainly will not die!
No, God knows well that the moment you eat of it
your eyes will be opened and you will be like gods
who know what is good and what is evil.”
The woman saw that the tree was good for food,
pleasing to the eyes, and desirable for gaining wisdom.
So she took some of its fruit and ate it;
and she also gave some to her husband, who was with her,
and he ate it.
Then the eyes of both of them were opened,
and they realized that they were naked;
so they sewed fig leaves together
and made loincloths for themselves.
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Commentary on Gn 2:7-9; 3:1-7
This selection from the Book of Genesis follows the second creation account and includes the creation of man (the creation of woman followed in the verses omitted). The story resumes in the third chapter of Genesis. Adam’s wife, now settled in the Garden of Eden, is tempted by the serpent, and, with her husband, falls into the original sin, the disobedience of God's commands.
"The account of the fall in Genesis 3 uses figurative language, but affirms a primeval event, a deed that took place at the beginning of the history of man. Revelation gives us the certainty of faith that the whole of human history is marked by the original fault freely committed by our first parents" (CCC 390). The Bible is teaching us here about the origin of evil--of all the evils mankind experiences, and particularly the evil of death. Evil does not come from God (he created man to live a happy life and to be his friend); it comes from sin, that is, from the fact that man broke the divine commandment, thereby destroying the happiness he was created for, and his harmony with God, with himself, and with creation in general. "Man, tempted by the devil, let his trust in his Creator die in his heart and, abusing his freedom, disobeyed God's command. This is what man's first sin consisted of. All subsequent sin would be disobedience toward God and lack of trust in his goodness" (CCC 397).[5]
CCC: Gn 2:7 362, 369, 703; Gn 2:8 378; Gn 3 390, 2795; Gn 3:1-5 391; Gn 3:1-11 397; Gn 3:3 1008; Gn 3:5 392, 398, 399, 1850; Gn 3:6 2541, 2847; Gn 3:7 400
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Responsorial Psalm: Psalm 51:3-4, 5-6, 12-13, 17
R. (cf. 3a) Be merciful, O Lord, for we have sinned.
Have mercy on me, O God, in your goodness;
in the greatness of your compassion wipe out my offense.
Thoroughly wash me from my guilt
and of my sin cleanse me.
R. Be merciful, O Lord, for we have sinned.
For I acknowledge my offense,
and my sin is before me always:
“Against you only have I sinned,
and done what is evil in your sight.”
R. Be merciful, O Lord, for we have sinned.
A clean heart create for me, O God,
and a steadfast spirit renew within me.
Cast me not out from your presence,
and your Holy Spirit take not from me.
R. Be merciful, O Lord, for we have sinned.
Give me back the joy of your salvation,
and a willing spirit sustain in me.
O Lord, open my lips,
and my mouth shall proclaim your praise.
R. Be merciful, O Lord, for we have sinned.
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Commentary on Ps 51:3-4, 5-6, 12-13, 17
Psalm 51 is a lament and the most famous of the seven penitential psalms. In this first section, the singer asks God to wash away the guilt of sin. In the final strophe a closer relationship is asked for as the familiar: “O Lord, open my lips, and my mouth shall proclaim your praise,” is uttered in concert with all those who pray the Liturgy of the Hours.
CCC: Ps 51:6 431, 1850; Ps 51:12 298, 431
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Reading II: Romans 5:12-19
Brothers and sisters:
Through one man sin entered the world,
and through sin, death,
and thus death came to all men, inasmuch as all sinned—
for up to the time of the law, sin was in the world,
though sin is not accounted when there is no law.
But death reigned from Adam to Moses,
even over those who did not sin
after the pattern of the trespass of Adam,
who is the type of the one who was to come.
But the gift is not like the transgression.
For if by the transgression of the one, the many died,
how much more did the grace of God
and the gracious gift of the one man Jesus Christ
overflow for the many.
And the gift is not like the result of the one who sinned.
For after one sin there was the judgment that brought condemnation;
but the gift, after many transgressions, brought acquittal.
For if, by the transgression of the one,
death came to reign through that one,
how much more will those who receive the abundance of grace
and of the gift of justification
come to reign in life through the one Jesus Christ.
In conclusion, just as through one transgression
condemnation came upon all,
so, through one righteous act,
acquittal and life came to all.
For just as through the disobedience of the one man
the many were made sinners,
so, through the obedience of the one,
the many will be made righteous.
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Commentary on Rom 5:12-19
The first verses of this longer form of the reading recall the original sin of Adam and Eve recounted in Genesis 3:1-7. Through this action, says St. Paul, sin entered the world, although before the law of Moses, sin was not defined and therefore “sin is not accounted when there was no law.” "Although to some extent the People of God in the Old Testament had tried to understand the pathos of the human condition in the light of the history of the fall narrated in Genesis, they could not grasp this story's ultimate meaning, which is revealed only in the light of the death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. We must know Christ as the source of grace in order to know Adam as the source of sin. The Spirit-Paraclete, sent by the risen Christ, came to ‘convict the world concerning sin’ (see John 16.8) by revealing him who is its Redeemer."(CCC 388).
St. Paul continues describing how, through one man, sin entered the world. But, the mercy of God was even greater in providing Jesus, his Son, through whom all sins were forgiven in his one heroic action, the Passion.
CCC: Rom 5:12-21 388; Rom 5:12 400, 402, 602, 612, 1008; Rom 5:18-19 605; Rom 5:18 402; Rom 5:19-21 1009; Rom 5:19-20 411; Rom 5:19 397, 402, 532, 615, 623; Rom 5:20-21 1848; Rom 5:20 312, 385, 412, 420
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Or
Shorter Form: Romans 5:12, 17-19
Brothers and sisters:
Through one man sin entered the world,
and through sin, death,
and thus death came to all men, inasmuch as all sinned.
For if, by the transgression of the one,
death came to reign through that one,
how much more will those who receive the abundance of grace
and of the gift of justification
come to reign in life through the one Jesus Christ.
In conclusion, just as through one transgression
condemnation came upon all,
so, through one righteous act,
acquittal and life came to all.
For just as through the disobedience of the one man
the many were made sinners,
so, through the obedience of the one,
the many will be made righteous.
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Commentary on Rom 5:12, 17-19
In the shorter version the specific reference to Adam and the law of Moses are omitted focusing the emphasis on Christ’s righteous act through which “acquittal and life came to all.” This selection specifically recalls the original sin of Adam and Eve recorded in Genesis 3:1-7. Through this action, says St. Paul, sin entered the world although before the law of Moses, sin was not defined and therefore, “sin is not accounted when there was no law.”
CCC: Rom 5:12-21 388; Rom 5:12 400, 402, 602, 612, 1008; Rom 5:18-19 605; Rom 5:18 402; Rom 5:19-21 1009; Rom 5:19-20 411; Rom 5:19 397, 402, 532, 615, 623
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Gospel: Matthew 4:1-11
At that time Jesus was led by the Spirit into the desert
to be tempted by the devil.
He fasted for forty days and forty nights,
and afterwards he was hungry.
The tempter approached and said to him,
“If you are the Son of God,
command that these stones become loaves of bread.”
He said in reply,
“It is written:
One does not live on bread alone,
but on every word that comes forth
from the mouth of God.”
Then the devil took him to the holy city,
and made him stand on the parapet of the temple,
and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down.
For it is written:
He will command his angels concerning you
and with their hands they will support you,
lest you dash your foot against a stone.”
Jesus answered him,
“Again it is written,
You shall not put the Lord, your God, to the test.”
Then the devil took him up to a very high mountain,
and showed him all the kingdoms of the world in their magnificence,
and he said to him, "All these I shall give to you,
if you will prostrate yourself and worship me.”
At this, Jesus said to him,
“Get away, Satan!
It is written:
The Lord, your God, shall you worship
and him alone shall you serve.”
Then the devil left him and, behold,
angels came and ministered to him.
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Commentary on Mt 4:1-11
“Once the intimate identity as Son of God has been established at the Jordan by direct witness of the Holy Trinity, we are now shown how a Divine Person behaves in the fallen world of mutability and ambiguity conditioned by sin. From the two episodes together (baptism and temptation) will emerge the diptych portraying the harmony between Christ’s divinity and his humanity.” [6]
The temptation of Christ highlights the fact that one of the remarkable characteristics of temptation can be that the devil may use our own moral core to attempt to overthrow us. We note that the evil one uses scriptural quotes to invite Jesus to sin. However, the Lord's knowledge of God's will and purpose refutes the devil.
“Jesus, proclaimed Son of God at his baptism, is subjected to a triple temptation. Obedience to the Father is a characteristic of true sonship, and Jesus is tempted by the devil to rebel against God, overtly in the third case, more subtly in the first two. Each refusal of Jesus is expressed in language taken from the Book of Deuteronomy (Deuteronomy 8:3; 6:13, 16). The testings of Jesus resemble those of Israel during the wandering in the desert and later in Canaan, and the victory of Jesus, the true Israel and the true Son, contrasts with the failure of the ancient and disobedient ‘son,’ the old Israel. In the temptation account Matthew is almost identical with Luke; both seem to have drawn upon the same source.”[7]
"Catholic teaching tells us that there are three levels of temptation: 1) suggestion, that is external temptation, which we can undergo without committing any sin; 2) temptation, in which we take a certain delight, whether prolonged or not, even though we do not give clear consent; this level of temptation has now become internal and there is some sinfulness in it; 3) temptation to which we consent; this is always sinful, and, since it affects the deepest part of the soul, is definitely internal."[8] The Lord underwent his temptation only in suggestion, an example to all his followers that sin never bears consideration.
CCC: Mt 4:1-11 394, 2849; Mt 4:4 2835; Mt 4:10 2083, 2135; Mt 4:11 333
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Reflection:
At one point in my life, I decided to get my private pilot’s license. It was something I had always wanted to do, and I had some connections with a flight school that made it feasible. If any of you are considering, or want to consider, doing the same this story may be instructive. I spent six weeks going through ground school. I learned all about navigation, flight rules, centers of gravity calculations, and the like and took my FAA written examination. I passed with flying colors (massive pun intended).
Armed with my incredible knowledge, I went off to see a fellow parishioner, Dr. John Freitas. Not only is John a good friend and doctor, he is a certified Flight Surgeon. John gave me my flight physical and something surprising happened. Part of the exam is a test for visual acuity. It tests for, among other things, color perception. Of the 12 cards John showed me, all of which he alleged had numbers displayed in them of various colors, I got two right. We said earlier that this might be instructive for others considering general aviation. Here’s a hint: take your flight physical before ground school. I was given a student pilot's license but in big letters it said: “Not valid for night flight or under visual color signals.”
Some of you may be wondering what this has to do with the Holy Scripture we were given today or even Lent for that matter. Well, as a footnote to the story, John told me that I might be able to get an unrestricted license if I went out and practiced with a person who could show me different lights at night so I would learn to recognize them. Now it should be coming clearer.
In Holy Scripture today we hear a great deal about sin and temptation. In the first reading from Genesis, Eve and Adam had been told by God that they could eat from any fruit in the garden except from the fruit of the tree of “knowledge.” God’s incredible love for them had caused him to create humankind in his own likeness, and then provide an idyllic life for them, free from the stress and pain of modern existence, a state of child-like innocence. (Recall Matthew 18:3: “Amen, I say to you, unless you turn and become like children, you will not enter the kingdom of heaven.”) But the serpent, taking advantage of our weakness, tricked Eve into violating that command, and sin entered the world. Had she been told not to eat of that tree? Yes. Did she know that the evil one would send the serpent to delude her into violating that command? It probably did not occur to her. She made a choice, and it was a bad choice. Just so we’re clear, Adam was with her. We quote: “and she also gave some to her husband, who was with her.”
Neither of them stopped and thought: will not God be angry if we disobey him? We know what happened as a result. Because they could not recognize evil, they fell prey to temptation with disastrous results.
St. Paul provides a nice bridge for us with his second reading. He reminds us that through Adam and Eve sin entered the world, Original Sin. And just as the gates of death were opened in that act of disobedience, they were closed by Jesus as he defeated sin and death in his passion and resurrection.
At last, we come to the Gospel story today. Setting the stage, Jesus had just been baptized in the Jordan River by St. John the Baptist. He came out of the water, and St. John saw the Holy Spirit descend and rest upon him, “like a dove.” Jesus was immediately led into the desert where he fasted for forty days. Scripture says, “and afterwards he was hungry.” Fasting for that long, Jesus was probably more than just hungry; he was on the verge of starving. Into this time of vulnerability came Satan. Using passages from Holy Scripture, he first tempted Jesus to use his power to make bread to ease his hunger. When that failed, he tempted him with a test to see how much God loved him, and finally he offered the Lord power over the earth (this would have been excruciatingly tempting since it would have allowed him to avoid the coming passion). At each of these temptations the Lord refuted Satan. Unlike Adam and Eve, Jesus saw the evil one’s plan and defeated him.
We are given two examples of temptation from the sacred texts; one failed and the other succeeded. The examples place new emphasis on the final sentence of the Lord’s Prayer. “Lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil.” Temptation, as we have seen, is what Satan is best at. When we are at our weakest, he will show up in one guise or another.
When we are hungry, he will tempt us with food. When we are struggling financially, he will tempt us with money that is not ours. When we are lonely, he will surely provide unsavory company and comfort. It is what he is best at.
We saw him in the Gospel. He used tricks, even with Jesus. He quoted Scripture to try to entice the Lord to fail. He will come to us the same way. It won’t be like the horror movies where Satan is hideous or repulsive. He will come to us in charming or sweet ways. His proposals will seem reasonable, his words fair sounding. It may not be easy, but under the surface we will see the motives of the fallen angel.
This is where the analogy with my color perception test above comes in. We may not be able to distinguish the good from the bad at a glance. We need to practice seeing what God wants and does not want. To do this we need to practice. We practice this in a few ways that are especially appropriate during our Lenten season. First and foremost is prayer. Getting to know the Triune God through speaking with him is one of our best exercises. Especially when we pray the Lord’s Prayer, let us make the words meaningful. If we really want to be saved from temptation and delivered from evil, we can make that prayer intensely personal.
Another excellent way is to review our past mistakes. Taking advantage of the sacrament of reconciliation with its examination of conscience and discipline of atonement will move us forward along the path of understanding the traps laid for us.
The discipline of Lent also includes almsgiving and fasting. Using these tools we sharpen our perception of what God calls us to and what the evil one would like to call us away from. The most important thing is for us to sharpen our understanding of God the Father, His Only Begotten Son, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit so we will not fall to the traps set for us on our path to salvation.
Pax
On Februay 22nd in other years: Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter, Apostle
[1] Catechism links are taken from the
Homiletic Directory, published by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, 29 June 2014.
[2] The picture used is “The Temptation of Christ” by Juan De Flandes, 1500.
[3] S.S. Commemoratio[4] The readings are taken from the New American Bible, with the exception of the psalm and its response which were developed by the International Committee for English in Liturgy (ICEL). This republication is not authorized by USCCB and is for private use only.
[5] The Navarre Bible, Pentateuch (Scepter Publishers, Princeton, NJ, © 2003), 51.
[6] Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, Fire of Mercy Heart of the Word Volume I (Ignatius Press, San Francisco, CA, © 1996),139.
[7] NAB Footnote on Matthew 4:1-11.
[8] The Navarre Bible, Gospels and Acts (Scepter Publishers, Princeton, NJ, © 2002), 69.
